秸秆还田条件下播种水和氮肥底追比对 冬小麦旗叶荧光特性和产量的影响

通过田间试验研究砂姜黑土地区秸秆还田条件下播种水和氮肥底追比对小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光参数和产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田条件下灌播种水和氮肥后移显著降低灌浆前后期旗叶F_o(P<0.01);增加灌浆中期旗叶F_m(P<0.01),延缓小麦灌浆后期旗叶F_m的降低速度。灌播种水显著延缓F_v/F_o和F_v/F_m的下降。秸秆还田可以显著缓解灌浆前期Y(Ⅱ)的下降(P<0.01),灌播种水显著延缓灌浆中期旗叶Y(Ⅱ)的下降速率(P<0.01)。秸秆还田和灌播种水条件下氮肥的后移有利于提高灌浆期旗叶Y(Ⅱ)。秸秆还田条件下灌播种水降低开花期和灌浆前期旗叶Y(NPQ),增加灌浆中后期旗叶Y(NPQ);显著降低灌浆中期旗叶Y(NO) (P<0.05)。氮肥后移有利于降低灌浆期旗叶Y(NO),从而在灌浆期内合理利用光能,降低光损伤。秸秆还田条件下水氮耦合有利于增加小麦单位面积有效穗数与产量。尤其灌播种水显著增加单位面积有效穗数与提高小麦产量(P<0.05);秸秆还田显著增加主茎（P<0.05）和第一大分蘖(P<0.01)的单穗结实粒数。     

Dietary vitamin C,immunity and disease resistance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Presmolt Atlantic salmon were fed a fish meal based experimental diet supplemented with graded levels of ascorbate-2-monophosphate (AP), equivalent to 40, 400, 2000 and 4000 mg ascorbic acid (AA)/kg for 6 months prior to a bacterial challenge experiment. The liver AA concentration reflected the dietary intake of AP, but not linearly. Growth, hematology and acid phosphatase activity in zymosan stimulated macrophages were not affected by dietary AP. Serum hemolytic complement activity was higher in fish fed the highest AP level, but the variation was not significant. Production of specific antibodies was significantly higher in fish fed the highest AP level 11 and 17 weeks after vaccination. Bacterial challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida showed increased survival in the 4000 AP group. Lysozyme activity in headkidney and serum complement activity and serum iron in fish surviving the challenge were higher in the 4000 AP group, indicating important roles of vitamin C on lysozyme, complement and iron in non-specific disease resistance. The results indicate that high dietary levels of AP favourably affect health in Atlantic salmon. Disease resistance was, however, not correlated with the AA status in the liver.     

The effect of dietary lecithin and lipase,as a function of age,on n-9 fatty acid incorporation in the tissue lipids of Sparus aurata larvae

The present study tested the effect of dietary lecithin and exogenous lipase on the incorporation of oleic acid in the tissue lipids of gilthead seabream larvae (Sparus aurata). Two of four microdiets were prepared by the addition of [¹⁴C]oleic acid as free fatty acid (FFA) to diets containing either 5% cuttlefish liver oil (CLO) or 5% soybean lecithin. Glycerol tri[1-¹⁴C]oleate was similarly incorporated in two other diets identical in lipid (4% cuttlefish liver oil, 1% soybean lecithin) and non-lipid composition but differed in that one contained a supplement of 0.05% porcine lipase. The effect of these diets was tested by following the incorporation of the label (dpm/mg larvae DBW) in the neutral and phospholipid fractions of seabream larvae at four different ages (21, 27, 32 and 45 days after hatching).A significant (p<0.05) effect of dietary lecithin on the incorporation of labelled FFA in both larval neutral and phospholipid fractions was demonstrated at all ages. This was particularly pronounced during early development (day 21) where fish fed the lecithin supplement incorporated 6.75 times more label than the diet containing [¹⁴C]oleic acid in CLO. The dietary lecithin enhancing effect diminished with age but was still significant at day 45 (2.17 times more label). In addition, the label was considerably higher in the phospholipid fraction compared to the neutral lipid, reflecting the high demand for membrane synthesis during rapid growth. Lecithin fed larvae demonstrated a higher consumption rate and efficiency of incorporation than fish consuming the cuttlefish liver oil diet, suggesting an emulsifying function for dietary phospholipid.In contrast, the supplementation with lipase showed a clear effect only in older fish where 45 day old larvae fed the lipase diet demonstrated a 3.42 times increase in radioactivity in their tissue lipids. This late lipase response may be the result of an insufficient level of dietary lecithin (M) and a short intestinal length being ineffective, in the early larval stages, in incorporating labelled free fatty acid from dietary glycerol tri[1-¹⁴C]oleate breakdown.     

Slurry field management and ammonia emissions under Mediterranean conditions

In Spain, farmers are interested in applying pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) slurry (PS) to their fields throughout the year. During the spring and summer months, ammonia (NH₃) volatilization may be high. We studied the potential range of NH₃ losses under a warm and a hot period of the year, using available field practices, and two strategies: PS directly incorporated into the soil, in spring (I‐spring); and PS applied by splash‐plate, in summer time (SP‐summer), both to bare soil. Measurements were conducted, after PS application, using the micrometeorological mass balance integrated horizontal flux method. The cumulative NH₃‐N volatilization was 35% (I‐spring) and 60% (SP‐summer) of total ammonium nitrogen applied, and half of the total NH₃‐N losses happened by 17 h and 8 h, respectively, after application. Incorporation strategy was less effective in avoiding NH₃ losses than is described in the literature. This fact has important consequences for the implementation of NH₃ mitigation measures in Mediterranean agricultural systems.     

The drilosphere concept: Fine-scale incorporation of surface residue-derived N and C around natural Lumbricus terrestris burrows

Anecic (deep-burrowing) earthworms are important for soil biogeochemical functioning, but the fine-scale spatial range at which they incorporate C and N around their burrows (the drilosphere sensu stricto) needs to be investigated under realistic conditions. We conducted a field experiment to delimit spatially the extent to which soil around natural Lumbricus terrestris burrows is influenced biochemically. We placed plant litter dual-labelled with ¹³C and ¹⁵N stable isotope tracers on L. terrestris burrow openings and we measured residue-derived ¹³C and ¹⁵N in thin concentric layers (0–2, 2–4, 4–8 mm) around burrows with or without a resident earthworm. After 45 days, earthworms were significantly enriched in ¹³C and ¹⁵N as a result of feeding on the plant litter. At 0–5 cm soil depth, soil ¹⁵N concentrations were significantly higher around occupied than unoccupied burrows, and they were significantly higher in all burrow layers (including 4–8 mm) than in bulk soil (50–75 mm from burrow). This suggests that biochemical drilosphere effects of anecic earthworms, at least in the uppermost portion of the burrow, extend farther than the 2 mm layer assumed traditionally.     

秸秆深还及配施化肥对土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构的影响

中国每年农作物秸秆总量巨大,大部分农民选择焚烧,焚烧秸秆会减少表层土壤有机质,损害土壤墒情,引起环境污染,进而危害人类健康。将玉米秸秆施入土壤亚表层(20~40 cm之间),即"秸秆深还"(Corn stover deep incorporation,CSDI),可以有效解决秸秆利用问题,以及由于焚烧秸秆造成的诸多问题,继而达到固碳、蓄水、培肥、稳产的目的。以吉林农业大学试验站玉米连作耕地0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤为研究对象,设CK(未施用秸秆)、CS(秸秆深还)、NPK(单施化肥)、CS+NPK(秸秆深还配施化肥)4种处理,主要研究秸秆深还及配施化肥对土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸(HA)结构的影响。腐殖质组成采用腐殖质组成修改法测定,胡敏酸样品采用IHSS方法提取纯化,其结构经元素组成、红外光谱进行研究。结果表明:秸秆深还及秸秆配施化肥对不同土层土壤有机碳(SOC)含量以及腐殖质各组分含碳量均有显著积累作用,PQ值(胡敏酸在腐殖酸中所占的比例)无显著变化。秸秆深还及秸秆配施化肥均能使HA分子的芳香结构比例增加,但CS处理还能同时增加脂族链烃的比例;而CS+NPK处理则使HA的缩合度提高,氧化度下降。说明CS和CS+NPK使HA变稳定的机制有所不同,除了分子结构芳香性提高的作用以外,前者还体现在疏水性的提高上;而后者则体现在分子结构变复杂上。     

黑土地保护与秸秆富集深还

介绍了吉林省黑土地保护的范围、存在的问题和保护措施,特别介绍了秸秆富集深还技术模式及其优点、适用条件和实施效果。我国黑土是世界上四大黑土区之一,吉林省的黑土区(软土)为8.63万km~2,其中发生学分类的黑土为1.1万km~2,分别占全国的32%和15%。黑土退化的主要表现是黑土"变少了""变薄了""变瘦了",其主要原因是建设占用和不当耕作。黑土地保护的主要措施是通过合理耕作和秸秆深还来形成深厚、肥沃、健康的耕作层和亚表层;对于不可避免的建设占用耕地实施表土剥离与再利用,同时尽快完成城市边界、永久基本农田边界、生态边界的"三界"划定,保护黑土资源。就秸秆深还而言,提倡机械化秸秆富集深还,即将玉米秸秆粉碎并富集到一个条带后,以风力注入的方式埋入土壤亚表层20~40 cm的技术模式。其优点是土层顺序不变,并可2~4倍量富集秸秆,达到连年条带轮耕深还秸秆的目的,彻底解决秸秆焚烧和土壤培肥之急需。     

石灰施用对酸性土壤矿物结合有机碳形成的影响

为了解石灰施用对酸性土壤矿物结合有机碳的影响并促进酸性土壤的碳固定,本研究整合已发表的相关研究并在室内设置培养试验探究石灰添加调控酸性红壤矿物结合有机碳形成的可能机制。结果表明：大部分已发表的研究发现石灰添加可以显著促进酸性土壤中矿物结合有机碳的形成。室内控制试验发现石灰添加显著促进了秸秆分解转化为微生物生物量碳,这很可能是石灰促进矿物结合碳形成的主要机制之一。室内控制试验还发现石灰添加增加了钙键结合碳的含量,但是降低了铁铝结合碳的含量。综上可知,石灰添加有利于作物秸秆在酸性土壤中被微生物分解转化为矿物结合有机碳,但可能会导致不同化学键结合碳的相对含量发生变化。     

不同栽培方式和秸秆还田对水稻产量和营养品质的影响

为阐明水稻产量和营养品质在不同栽培方式和秸秆还田条件下的表现特性, 以两优培九(籼稻)为材料, 常规水作(CFC)为对照, 通过长期定位试验(2001—2010年)研究了覆膜旱作(PFMC)、裸地旱作(NMC)和秸秆还田对水稻产量、精米中蛋白质和氨基酸、糙米中铁和锌含量的影响。2008—2010三年试验结果(平均值)表明, 与CFC相比, PFMC能显著增加水稻产量, 增产幅度达8.0%, 精米中总氨基酸含量下降3.5%, 精米中蛋白质, 糙米中铁锌含量与CFC处理差异不显著; NMC处理产量显著下降5.1%, 蛋白质、总氨基酸和铁含量分别下降4.4%、9.3%和11.9%。秸秆还田较不还田处理, CFC条件下, 产量增加了113.6 kg hm^-2; NMC条件下, 产量增加142.6 kg hm^-2; PFMC条件下, 产量增加522.1 kg hm^-2; 三种栽培方式产量平均增加3.3%, 糙米中的铁和锌含量平均增加3.1%和6.4%, 精米中蛋白质和总氨基酸含量差异不显著。本试验结果表明, PFMC能显著提高水稻产量, 秸秆还田能显著提高水稻产量和稻米中铁、锌含量。     

Incorporation of 14CO2 and 15NH4 into amino acids of the two subunits of fraction 1 protein in spinach leaves

In the investigation of nitrogen metabolism in plants, it is important to deal with proteins, which are the end-products of nitrogen metabolism.